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[Happy Music]

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Greetings,

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I'm Rick Jerz, and I'm delighted
to be here to discuss “Captioning Methods

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for Educational Videos.” As technology
for captioning continues to improve,

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video captioning methods also evolve.

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It's important to have high-quality
captions in educational videos.

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Captioning educational videos
presents unique cost

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and editing challenges
that differ from motion pictures.

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In 2015, my College asked me to consider

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captioning my online educational videos.

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At first, I was hesitant because
of the effort required to create captions.

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However, I now strongly advocate

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captions for educational videos.

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I'm here to help you understand captioning
options for your educational videos.

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You might be surprised to learn that
my favorite method is relatively unknown.

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“Let’s get started!”

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My objectives in this presentation
are as follows.

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To review the purpose of captions.

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To briefly review
some technical aspects of captions.

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To demonstrate and summarize
some various captioning alternatives.

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To demonstrate my preferred method.

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And to demonstrate how you use captions
in Moodle and Canvas LMSs.

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Disclaimer: I am not a captioning expert,
but I do have extensive experience.

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Also, since I am half deaf, I rely greatly
on captions and appreciate quality.

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So let me know if you discover something
I state incorrectly or can be improved.

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I assume you are either an instructor or
administrator wanting to caption videos.

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Since this presentation includes
technical information,

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I've made a separate web page
with extra resources.

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When I mention “my web page”

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during the presentation, I’m
referring to this specific page.

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I'll give you the URL
at the end of the presentation.

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For example, I like this Caption Style
Guide from Rev.com,

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so I share it on my web page.

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I created a short, 1:45-minute

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demo video for this presentation,
available on my web page.

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You might consider creating something
like this for your own experimentation.

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Captions were initially created
for those with hearing disabilities.

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In education,
the Americans with Disability Act

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and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation
Act in the 1990s made it compulsory

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for most educational videos
to include captions.

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Failure to do so can result in lawsuits.

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Captions benefit all students, regardless

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of accessibility needs or learning style.

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Captions improve understanding,
engagement, and retention.

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They also assist
with understanding technical terms

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and when English is a student’s
second language.

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Captions become an 
additional learning aid.

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Captions benefit instructors
by providing a clear record

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of what was said and where, helping
with directing students to relevant

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points, and serving as a useful starting
point for video improvement.

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During my Quality Matters certification,
I utilized captions whenever auditors

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questioned whether I had adequately
communicated information to my students,

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as in “I said that at 2 minutes 25

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seconds in my Course Overview video.”

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I firmly believe that captions
are highly beneficial for educational use.

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However,
the difficulty is in their creation.

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I would like to clarify
some terms associated with captions.

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When you turn captions on,

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like on Netflix or Prime,
you are seeing “closed” captions.

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These closed captions
use an auxiliary “sidecar” file.

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Yes, two files, one for the video and one
for captions that get synchronized.

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In many video-serving platforms,
you need to upload both files into it.

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I will show you what I mean later.

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Permanently displayed captions are called
“open captions” and cannot be turned off.

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You will often see the words “captions,”
“subtitles,” and “transcripts.” Some folks

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will use these words interchangeably,
but there are subtle differences.

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A transcript contains
what was said and is in “paragraph” form,

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like paragraphs in a book.

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“Captions” are these same words,
but in shorter segments,

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typically one or two lines,
and synchronized with the video.

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“Subtitles”
are captions in different languages.

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If you have only one language,

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then “captions” and “subtitles”
refer to the same thing.

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In this presentation,
I will use the word “captions.”

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The captions should exactly match
what the movie is saying.

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It is irritating
when captions are out of sync.

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Different methods exist to create captions
with varying

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cost, time, and quality metrics
to consider.

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Measuring cost and time is easy,
but assessing quality is harder.

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Quality means using the right words,
formatting,

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punctuation, and alignment
when conveying a message.

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The motion picture industry can afford
professional

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captioning services,
as movies are one-time productions.

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An average Hollywood movie
budget is around $65 million dollars.

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Schools lack these financial resources.

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Also, educational videos
are not one-time productions.

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They should be continually improved
and updated, like versions of a textbook.

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When the video changes,
captions must be revised.

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I will attempt to describe the cost,
time, and quality metrics

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associated with each alternative
I discuss.

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Here are some of the alternatives
that I will review.

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Yes, they vary in cost, time, and quality.

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They will also vary depending on whether
your videos are scripted or unscripted.

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I used to avoid scripts
when creating videos,

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but now I realize scripts
lead to better-quality content.

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You can find the script I used
for this presentation on my web page.

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It's worth noting that
motion-picture movies always have scripts

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and allows them to offer a lot of content
in just 90 minutes!

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I picked these alternatives
to represent different categories.

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There are many options
within each category.

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For example,
I mention Rev.com as a pay-for

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alternative, but you might prefer 
a different company.

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I will also focus on creating 
a “closed” caption

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sidecar file for most alternatives.

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One alternative for captions
is simply to use

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tools built into your computer’s
operating system.

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Both Windows and Mac offer
live captioning.

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Allow me to demonstrate.

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I'm watching my demo video in Windows
11 with Edge

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and using live captions
by pressing Windows-ctrl-L.

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The text appears below
the video as it's spoken.

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To activate live captions on 
your Mac, go to 

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System > Accessibility > Live Captions Beta.

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Then, watch the video, and the captions
will appear in a separate box.

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Although this alternative is free
and requires no time, it has downsides.

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The quality of the captions for 
Windows and Mac is poor

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and does not meet 
educational standards.

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Even Apple marks
it as “beta.” Furthermore,

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the captions do not 
synchronize with the voice, 

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contain multiple errors, and 
lack proper punctuation.

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As someone with partial hearing loss,
I cannot accept this alternative.

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In the next five to ten years,
this feature may be improved.

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I'm showing it to you

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to let you know that your computer
has some captioning capabilities.

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Later, I'll explain other alternatives
that can create captions automatically.

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Explaining how one might 
manually create the closed

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caption file is a good place to show you
what these sidecar files look like.

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There are many forms of caption files,
but the two most common in

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education are SRT and VTT files.

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In my experience, I use SRT files
better than 90% of the time.

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Some systems, like the Moodle learning
management system, require a VTT file.

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Both types are basic ASCII-text files
that can be created, viewed,

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or edited with any text editor
or word-processing software.

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On the left is an SRT file,
and on the right is a VTT file.

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They look similar.

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They both contain lines
with words and lines with time codes.

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They differ in how time codes
are represented, and a 

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few other minor differences.

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The words are what you see
when viewing captions in the video.

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The timecodes synchronize 
the words within the video.

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You can either type or copy
and paste the words from your script.

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Keep each line to under 40 characters.

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Adding time codes to captions
is extremely difficult

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due to the need for precise
formatting and values.

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Even a small mistake
can make the entire file invalid.

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It's a challenging task that becomes
almost impossible after a few attempts.

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I judge this approach as impractical.

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I showed you this to give you a good idea
of what an SRT and VTT file looks like.

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Fixing a few words in an SRT
file can be done in any text editor.

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Changing the timing is challenging.

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By searching the Internet
for “free captioning services,”

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you will probably find some companies
offering “free” captioning.

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Typically,
you upload your video to these services,

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and they return an SRT or VTT file.

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Quite honestly,
I haven’t had good luck with these,

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but I wanted to mention it
as an alternative for you to explore.

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At the other end of the spectrum, why
not pay a company to create your captions?

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My university found Rev.com, a
captioning company that many schools use.

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Rev.com charges $1.50 USD per 
video minute

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and has an under a 
24-hour turnaround.

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So, a 25-minute-long video
that might take me four hours

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to caption myself
costs under $40 at Rev.com.

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It’s a very affordable option, and
the quality meets educational standards.

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My decision was simple because my
university was willing to cover the cost.

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Here is Rev.com.

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You upload your file and pick captions.

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Rev.com sends you an email when finished.

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Although Rev.com is quite good,
I do recommend that you review their work.

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Rev.com provides
a great editor to adjust words and timing

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while watching your video.

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There are tools for spell check,
searching, keyboard shortcuts, and more.

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Rev.com uses humans 
in its captioning process,

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which is better than 
any auto-generated method.

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They are the only captioning alternative
that spelled my last name, Jerz,

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correctly.

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Rev.com can use your script
to be even more accurate.

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When your reviewing and any edits
are complete, you then download your video

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in the desired format,
and even in paragraph form.

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Rev.com can translate your captions into
different languages, of course, at a cost.

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My 1:45 minute
demo video, cost me $3 to caption.

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On my web page,
I give you my original script

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and the completed Rev.com 
unedited captions.

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The results are quite good.

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One drawback of Rev.com
is that if you revise your video,

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such as adding or deleting video segments,
you must go through

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this captioning process again,
and of course, pay again.

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Another drawback
was that since my university

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owned the Rev.com account,
I couldn’t access the editor.

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However, I have my own Rev.com account,
which I am showing you.

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So, Rev.com is a pretty good 
pay-for solution.

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Another alternative to captioning videos
is using specialized captioning

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software, like “MovieCaptioner,”
which I personally own.

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There are many similar products,
but I chose MovieCaptioner

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for its features
and affordable price, around $100.

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Here it is.

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You load your video into this area
and then play it.

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As the video plays, manually type
the dialogue.

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When you hit the Return key,
the text will appear on the right side

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with the corresponding timecode,
alleviating

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the timecode problem
of using a text editor.

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Continue this process
until you have captioned the entire video.

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When finished,
you can export your captioned file

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in various formats such as SRT and VTT.

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This tool provides accurate timecodes.

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It may be more
cost-effective than Rev.com,

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but keep in mind
that manual typing is required.

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I didn’t use MovieCaptioner
since my school was paying for Rev.com.

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However, I have used MovieCaptioner
to transform caption files

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into different formats,
such as SRT to VTT.

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In general, it's a valuable addition
to my collection of captioning software.

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Camtasia, by TechSmith,
is another alternative.

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Camtasia is fairly well-known
as non-linear video editing software.

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I use Camtasia for screen recordings,
and I am certified in Camtasia.

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Camtasia has captioning tools
that you can use

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with Camtasia-produced videos
and external videos.

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To caption my demo video,
I import it into Camtasia.

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Then I select “modify,” “captions,”
and “add captions.”

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A caption track appears,
divided into 10-second segments.

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You listen to each segment and type
the spoken words into this area,

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somewhat like MovieCaptioner.

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Having the captions appear in the movie
timeline is a little more convenient.

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To adjust timing, simply drag the borders
of the segment to the left or right.

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The ADA standard suggests 5
to 7 seconds for each segment.

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There are tools available to split
or combine segments.

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Camtasia for the PC includes
voice-to-text,

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meaning no need to type words,
which is very appealing.

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I find the results marginal but can train
voice-to-text for better accuracy.

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As it stands,
editing words and timing takes too long.

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I do like working with video
and captioning in the 

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same timeline environment.

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With Camtasia, you can 
export the captions as SRT files.

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I have provided some examples
on my supplementary web page.

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As an educator, I pay about $100 USD
for a yearly subscription

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to the Camtasia Suite,
which comes with SnagIt for screenshots.

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I have been using these products

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for a long time
for screenshots and screen recordings.

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Although I use Camtasia to create
and edit screen recording,

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I prefer Adobe Premier for final video
composing.

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YouTube provides a video hosting platform
and captioning at no cost.

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When you upload a video to YouTube,
in the background,

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YouTube automatically 
creates the captions.

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This is referred to as 
auto-generated captions.

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Here is my demo video playing on YouTube,
with captions turned on.

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Quality will depend upon content
and the speaker’s voice quality.

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YouTube has some drawbacks,
the major one being that you grant YouTube

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and the world, including your competitors,
the right to use your videos.

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You can’t avoid this,
it is YouTubes license agreement.

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Another issue is that the 
YouTube website can distract

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students with irrelevant ads and videos.

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I don’t like this.

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To avoid this, you can embed YouTube
videos into your LMS.

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Here is my YouTube demo video embedded
in Moodle, and here it is in Canvas.

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Another issue is that YouTube's
auto-generated captions

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typically
do not meet educational standards.

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YouTube captions can be frustrating,
embarrassing, or even comical at times.

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Watch my demo video,
and I think you will agree.

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To enhance the accuracy
and quality of captions,

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you can edit them with YouTube’s
great editor To use it,

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I select my demo video in YouTube Studio,
then navigate to the “subtitles”

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tool on the left,
then choose “Duplicate and Edit.”

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YouTube offers two interfaces: “edit
timings” and “edit as text.”

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The “edit timings” interface is useful
to edit both text and time codes.

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Like Rev.com and Camtasia,
you can also adjust timings

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by dragging the edges of the textbox
in the lower area.

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If you need to fix just text errors,
the “edit as text” feature can be helpful.

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You can even replace the entire text
with your original script,

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and YouTube will attempt
to re-sync it to voice.

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It is not perfect, you still need 
to make edits, but this is

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a pretty good alternative and illustrates
the power of having a script.

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If needed, you can download
YouTube caption files

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as SRT, VTT, and SBV.

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I downloaded the auto generated SRT 
file and make it available 

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for you on my web page.

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Compare it with the original script.

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Also, you can upload SRT files.

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So, you might use Rev.com
for its caption quality,

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and YouTube as a free video server.

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Since YouTube is free,
some schools and instructors

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are unconcerned with these drawbacks.

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I use Vimeo instead of YouTube
to host my educational videos.

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While there is a free option,
I find that it is too restrictive

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so instead, I buy an option
that costs around $250 USD each year.

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Vimeo has been around for 
a while, and I find it

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a very reliable video-serving platform.

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I have used Vimeo for around three years.

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By using Vimeo, I maintain ownership
of my educational videos

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while also having greater control
over the user interface.

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This includes the ability to limit ads
and avoid displaying irrelevant videos.

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Vimeo, like YouTube,
automatically generates captions.

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And Vimeo also has an editor
to correct words, but not timing.

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Vimeo’s auto-caption quality is good,
but not as good as Rev.com.

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In fact, Vimeo suggests
using Rev.com for accurate captioning.

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Vimeo allows you to download 
and upload SRT files.

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You can embed Vimeo videos, like YouTube.

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However, one feature of Vimeo’s
regular video player is that it can show

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both captions and a transcript,
somewhat like LinkedIn Learning does.

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Students can search for words
in the transcript,

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and Vimeo jumps
to that point in the video.

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Pretty nice.

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Also, Vimeo provides chapter markers
to help students navigate a video.

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I find these features to be important
for educational videos.

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When it comes to making videos
and captions, I personally recommend

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Adobe Premiere.

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Many people are familiar
with Premiere for video editing.

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It’s been around
for more than two decades,

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but not everyone knows that it has
captioning tools, added a few years ago.

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Here is my demo video in Premiere.

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The timeline is where you add and edit
various video

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assets such as graphics and audio files.

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To caption this video,
I pick text, Captions, then Captions

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from the transcript.

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This dialog box
adjusts captioning options.

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When I click “Transcribe and create
captions,”

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Premiere translates the video first,
then adds captions to the timeline.

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Premiere’s voice-to-text
engine is impressive, quickly

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producing captions
better than YouTube and Vimeo.

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However, not as good as Rev.com.

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I find Premiere so good 
that I use it to caption videos

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I download from the Internet,
including YouTube videos!

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Premiere is not perfect,
so I still recommend editing captions.

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Premiere's editing tools are superior.

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You have search and replace,
spell check, and professional timeline

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editing tools like ripple,
rolling, trimming, slip, and split.

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When you search for a word, Premiere
highlights its appearance in the caption

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editing window, in the video
preview window, and on the timeline.

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Here’s a screenshot showing what I mean.

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I searched for the word “complaint.”

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Both Premiere and Camtasia 
provide editing

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of video and captions on the timeline,
but Premiere’s tools are better.

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Here’s an example.

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I created this video for review.

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One reviewer suggested
redoing some text, shown here

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in Microsoft Word
with revisions turned on.

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Okay. First, I edit my audio file.

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Then, I locate this point 
by searching captions.

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I adjust the video to match the new audio.

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Finally, I edit the captions,
replacing the old words with the new ones.

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Yep, that’s not all that hard.

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I have found a method that produces

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nearly 100% accurate captions in Premiere.

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The concept is to replace Premiere’s
transcription segments with my script’s

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text, somewhat like I showed
using YouTube’s transcription.

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I begin with Premiere’s
initial transcription.

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Then in my script,
I insert a unique character,

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the backtick, at Premiere’s
transcription segment breakpoints.

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Then, I run a Word macro
I made to reformat my script.

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Lastly, I copy and paste
my script segments into the corresponding

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transcription segments.

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With this method, the captions
will accurately match my recorded script.

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Although this takes some time,
it is faster and more accurate

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than editing auto-generated captions.

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After I finish editing,
I create the mp4 video

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and SRT caption files
which I then upload to Vimeo.

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Premiere can also create
open-caption videos.

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It’s an advantage of having both video
and captions in one environment.

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Premiere is not free software.

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00:22:35,150 --> 00:22:38,883
My subscription costs
around $30 USD each month

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as part of Adobe’s entire Creative
Cloud Suite, which has over a dozen

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multimedia products, such as Photoshop,
After Effects, and Acrobat.

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Captioning with Premiere justifies
my entire Creative Cloud 

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subscription cost,
and I no longer use Rev.com.

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I want to demonstrate how to include
captions in Moodle and Canvas.

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If you link to YouTube or Vimeo,
those platforms’

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video players will include captions.

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But suppose you have standalone
video and caption files?

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In Moodle’s editor,
I click on the multimedia tool,

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point to the video file,
and point to the VTT caption file.

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When finished, Moodle’s internal video
player provides both video and captions.

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In Canvas’ editor, I click on Insert,
Media, and add the video.

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I scroll down
and add the SRT caption file.

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When finished, Canvas’ video
player provides both video and captions.

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Some schools use other video 
platforms, such as Panopto

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or Kaltura, which compete 
with Vimeo and YouTube.

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In summary, Rev.com is 
a great pay-for solution.

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YouTube is great if you don’t mind
giving your content away.

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Overall, I like Premiere and now use
it almost exclusively for captioning.

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And I have been quite satisfied
using Vimeo to serve my videos.

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With any of these alternatives,

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I recommend that you always 
edit their results.

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Here is the URL to the supplementary web
page for this presentation.

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[mellow music]

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Thanks for spending time with
me and learning about this topic.

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00:24:21,500 --> 00:24:25,800
I hope that you have enjoyed
what I have shared with you.

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00:24:25,800 --> 00:24:29,400
If you ever have any questions
or need my help,

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00:24:29,400 --> 00:24:31,733
please let me know.

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00:24:31,733 --> 00:24:35,500
[happy music]